Renovascular hypertension (RVHT) reflects the causal relation between anatomically evident arterial occlusive disease and elevated blood pressure. The coexistence of renal arterial vascular disease and hypertension roughly defines this type of nonessential hypertension. More specific diagnoses are made retrospectively when hypertension improves after intravascular intervention.  At present, no sufficiently accurate, non-invasive, radiologic, or serologic screening test is available that, if negative, completely excludes the presence of renal artery stenosis (RAS).

This session mainly accounts for the assorted causes and symptoms of reno vascular high blood pressure, alongside of its pathological process, diagnosis and treatment. High pressure is dangerous partially as a result of the patients usually don't expertise the symptoms, thus organ injury will occur slowly while not being recognized. Varied techniques are developed to diagnose excretory organ high blood pressure victimization digital image process of radiographs.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rise of blood pressure within the artery, vein, or respiratory organ capillaries, resulting in shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, leg swelling and different symptoms. This type of hypertension that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of your heart, then it begins when tiny arteries in your lungs, called pulmonary arteries, and capillaries become narrowed, blocked or destroyed. This makes it harder for blood to flow through your lungs, and raises pressure within your lungs' arteries.

As the pressure builds, your heart's lower right chamber must work harder to pump blood through your lungs, eventually causing your cardiac muscle to weaken and eventually causing the heart muscle to fail. Some forms of pulmonary hypertension are serious conditions that become progressively worse and are sometimes fatal. This session mainly talks about the classification, signs, symptoms and treatments of the Pulmonary Hypertension. The various complications related to pulmonary hypertension are congestive heart failure, blood clotting, liver disease, Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, chronic bronchitis, HIV Associated Pulmonary Hypertension, and PH in Association with Sickle Cell Disease.

Obesity has become an increasingly important medical problem in children and adolescents. Primary hypertension is detectable in children and adolescents and, as in adults, is associated with a positive family history of hypertension, obesity, and life-style factors. Among children and adolescents with primary hypertension; the presence of obesity was associated with marked LVH. Most childhood hypertension, particularly in preadolescents, is secondary to an underlying disorder. Renal parenchymal disease is the most common (60 to 70%) cause of hypertension. Adolescents usually have primary or essential hypertension, making up 85 to 95% of cases.

The investigations have showed that children in the highest quartile of BP had significantly narrower retinal arterioles than those with lower BP, suggesting that higher BP in childhood is associated with alteration in the microvasculature. There is even emerging evidence that cognitive function is adversely affected by elevated blood pressure in childhood. This session includes the epidemiology, incidence and pathophysiology of pediatric hypertension related with obesity, along with the cardiovascular risk factors, the onset of hypertension and obesity on children and the treatment and management of pediatric hypertension and obesity.

Gestational hypertension or pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is the development of new hypertension in a pregnant woman after 20 weeks gestation without the presence of protein in the urine or other signs of Pre-eclampsia in pregnancy. It is a temporary diagnosis for hypertensive pregnant women who do not meet criteria for preeclampsia or chronic hypertension (hypertension first detected before the 20^th week of pregnancy). The diagnosis is changed to, Preeclampsia, if proteinuria or new signs of end-organ dysfunction develop and chronic (primary or secondary) hypertension, if blood pressure elevation persists ≥12 weeks postpartum.

The risk factors for Gestational hypertension comprise maternal causes like obesity, past history or adolescent pregnancy, multiple gestations, and family history. There is no specific treatment, but it is monitored closely to rapidly identify pre-eclampsia and its life-threatening complications. Drug treatment options are limited, as many antihypertensive drugs may negatively affect the foetus. During gestational hypertension a women must be offered an integrated package of care, covering admission to hospital, treatment, measurement of blood pressure, testing for proteinuria and blood tests.

Hypertension can lead to many complications of Diabetes. Most people affected with Diabetes are more prone to suffer Hypertension. Diabetes damages the arteries and make them targets for hardening (also called as atherosclerosis) and if it is not treated then it may also cause blood vessel damage, heart attack, and kidney failure too. In this section of the main we discuss about various types of Diabetes, risk factors that are involved into it, controlling hypertension in patients with Diabetes and Treatment.

Heart disease describes a range of conditions that affect the heart. Diseases under the heart includes blood vessel diseases, such as coronary artery disease; heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias); and heart defects you're born with (congenital heart defects), among others. Heart disease term is often used interchangeably with the cardiovascular disease. It generally refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke. Other heart conditions, such as those that affect your heart's muscle, valves or rhythm, also are considered of heart disease. Many forms of heart disease can be prevented or treated with healthy lifestyle choices.

Heart disease is the study of the effects of drugs on the entire cardiovascular system, which includes the heart and blood vessels. The various complications to related to diabetes are Cerebrovascular disease, Inflammatory, Hypertensive heart disease, Ischemic, Rheumatic heart disease, Acute heart failure and Heart transplantation

Stressful situations can lead the blood to spike up temporarily but sometimes it may cause high blood pressure too. Research is still in progress to find out about it. According to some reports the change in the blood pressure behaviour can be due to various habits like overeating, drinking or poor sleeping. It’s possible that health conditions related to stress like anxiety, depression and isolation from friends and family may lead to a heart disease but not to a high blood pressure condition. Some hormonal changes may damage your arteries leading towards heart disease.

Hypertension refers to the pressure that blood applies to the inner walls of the arteries. Obesity increases the chances of cardiovascular disease. The individual session in this focuses on obesity-related , its interaction with the outcomes of hypertension, risk factors, treatment and management of cardiovascular disease. Obesity-associated arterial hypertension is characterized by activation of the sympathetic system, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and sodium retention, among different abnormalities. It's calculable that excess weight, accounted for about twenty sixth of cases of cardiovascular disease in men and twenty eighth in ladies, and for about twenty third of cases of coronary cardiovascular disease in men and 15 % in ladies.  

High Blood Pressure has many causative factors such as age, race, family history, obesity, not being physically active, consuming tobacco, too much salt (sodium) in diet, too little potassium and vitamin D in diet, drinking too much alcohol, stress and certain chronic conditions. There are general risk factors that can be responsible for raising anyone's risk of hypertension. Although high blood pressure is most common in adults, children may be at risk, too. For some children, high blood pressure is caused by problems with the kidneys or heart. But for a growing number of kids, poor lifestyle habits, such as an unhealthy diet, obesity and lack of exercise, contribute to high blood pressure. Sometimes pregnancy contributes to high blood pressure, as well. Certain diseases and medications are specific causes of high blood pressure. 

Cardiovascular disease represents the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Western countries, and hypertension-related cardiovascular events or hypertensive emergencies affect about 37 million people per year, worldwide. In this perspective, hypertensive patients are at increased risk to experience cardiovascular events during life-long period, and treatment of high blood pressure represents one of the most effective strategies to reduce global cardiovascular risk.

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is the leading risk factor associated with death in the world but is largely asymptomatic and often undetected in patients. Hypertension is typically asymptomatic and only detected through opportunistic screening. Symptoms only manifest when blood pressure reaches very high levels (usually >200 mmHg systolic), and can include headache, dizziness and nose bleeding. It is usually diagnosed when a patient’s blood pressure is repeatedly found to be 140/90 mmHg or higher in a clinical setting and average readings taken using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring or monitoring at home are higher than 135/85 mmHg. Once hypertension has been diagnosed, further tests should be conducted, including urine testing, blood tests, an eye examination and a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG).Primary hypertension, in which no specific cause is found, affects 95% of patients.

Blood pressure is determined by the cardiac output balanced against systemic vascular resistance. The process of maintaining blood pressure is complex, and involves numerous physiological mechanisms, including arterial baroreceptors, the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic peptide, endothelins, and mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid steroids

Medications to treat high blood pressure includes Thiazide diuretics, Beta blockers, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors,  Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs),  Calcium channel blockers and Renin inhibitors. Additional medication sometimes used to treat high blood pressure comprises Alpha blockers, Alpha-beta blockers, Central-acting agents, Vasodilators and Aldosterone antagonists.

No matter what medications a doctor prescribes to treat high blood pressure, lifestyle changes are required to lower blood pressure. Eating a healthier diet with less, exercising regularly, quitting smoking, limiting the amount of alcohol, maintaining a healthy weight or losing weight must be followed up to control high blood pressure. 

Nursing service administration is a coordinated activity, which provides all the facilities necessary for the rendering of nursing service to clients. Nursing service administration is the system of activities directed toward the nursing care of clients, and includes Nursing Leadership and Management the establishment of over-all goals and policies within the aims of the health agency and provision of organization, personnel, and facilities to accomplish this goals in the most effective and economical manner through cooperative efforts of all members of the staff, coordinating the service with other departments of the institution.

Nursing service administration is the provision for continuous individual, group and community service, including whatever is necessary. In addressing the factors, which determine health, and to bring them back to self-directive activity towards their own health. The subsidiary objectives of this role are the professional activities of administration, including human relations, communications, teaching, research, and personal development, designed to further the primary objective-the optimum nursing care of patients. In this lecture note management and administration are used interchangeably. Threshold for Initiation of Treatment and Target Values, Assessment and Development of a Lifestyle Treatment plans are the major criteria for nursing management.

Hypertension is a powerful risk factor for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease events. Data from observational studies indicate that this risk is continuous, without evidence of a threshold, down to blood pressures as low as 115/75 mm Hg. Randomized controlled trials have convincingly shown that treatment of hypertension reduces the risk of stroke, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, and mortality. Various studies of hypertension control have been performed in a variety of epidemiological and practice settings. 

Despite the recognition that diabetic persons are at especially high risk of cardiovascular disease, studies suggest that hypertension is as poorly controlled in diabetic persons as it is in non-diabetics. Chronic kidney disease represents another comorbidity associated with both difficult blood pressure control and high cardiovascular risk. Various patient characteristics have been associated with uncontrolled hypertension, including age, obesity, and lack of exercise. These characteristics are risk factors for hypertension itself and presumably contribute directly to difficult blood pressure control.